A divided three-judge panel of the 4th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that Montgomery County Public Schools did not violate the First Amendment rights of a Christian substitute teacher by requiring her to use transgender students’ pronouns in the classroom.
The appeals court affirmed a lower court’s decision dismissing most of the teacher’s claims that the policy violated her free speech and religious rights, and denied her request for an injunction blocking the school district from enforcing it.
Under Montgomery County Public Schoolspolicy, staff are required to address students by the name and pronouns that align with the gender identity they consistently assert at school. Students are not required to change permanent records to receive gender-affirming names or pronouns, and teachers are instructed to “maintain the confidentiality of a student’s transgender status” whenever possible.
The case stems from a lawsuit filed by Kimberly Polk, who began working as a substitute teacher for Montgomery County Public Schools in 2021. Polk had planned to continue teaching in the district but objected to its pronouns policy, according to The Washington Post.
In November 2022, Polk requested a religious accommodation, claiming the district’s transgender policy conflicted with her “sincerely held religious beliefs,” which she said are “based on her understanding of her Christian religion and the Holy Bible.” Polk believes there are only two sexes and does not recognize the concept of gender identity, citing biblical teachings that God created human beings male and female from birth.
A compliance coordinator proposed accommodations that would have allowed Polk to teach only in preschool and elementary school — where students are less likely to identify as transgender, nonbinary, or gender-nonconforming — but not in middle or high school. A month later, the district denied her request, and Polk stopped substitute teaching.
In her 2024 lawsuit, Polk argued that the school system’s refusal to grant her a religious exemption from the pronouns policy violated her civil rights. She asked a federal judge to block enforcement of the policy while allowing her to teach only in elementary schools with no transgender students as the case proceeded.
U.S. District Judge Deborah Boardman denied the injunction and dismissed most of Polk’s claims, ruling that when she was hired, the school board paid her to speak on its behalf as its employee. Boardman did allow one civil rights claim to proceed to discovery. Polk later appealed the ruling to the 4th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, which heard arguments in October 2025.
Writing for the majority, 4th Circuit Judge Robert King said that Polk had not convinced the court that MCPS’s policy regarding transgender students’ pronouns was hostile toward her religious views. King found that Polk’s free speech rights were not violated because following the policy was part of her official duties as a public school teacher.
“How a teacher addresses a particular student in a particular classroom — and whether a teacher communicates with a student’s parent — is merely a part of that teacher’s job description,” King, who was appointed by former President Bill Clinton, wrote.
The majority wrote that “no one forced Polk to become a substitute teacher in Montgomery County” and said that by accepting a position with MCPS, she agreed to follow all of the district’s policies.
King also wrote that disagreements over school policy should be resolved through democratic means, implying that Montgomery County residents can elect new school board members if they want the policies changed.
Judge Stephanie Thacker, an appointee of former President Barack Obama, concurred with King’s opinion.
Writing in dissent, J. Harvie Wilkinson III, an appointee of former President Ronald Reagan, argued that MCPS’s policy infringes on teachers’ free speech rights and effectively prevents them from expressing views opposing transgender rights or objecting to accommodations provided to transgender students.
Montgomery County Public Schools spokeswoman Liliana López told The Washington Post that the district welcomes the court’s decision but declined to comment further due to the possibility of additional litigation.
Polk’s attorney, Rick Claybrook, told the newspaper that his client is considering appealing the decision to the U.S. Supreme Court or seeking a rehearing before the full 4th Circuit.
If the U.S. Supreme Court declines to hear Polk’s appeal or upholds the ruling, the decision could affect similar cases in Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina, all of which fall under the 4th Circuit’s jurisdiction, where teachers argue that their religious beliefs prevent them from using transgender students’ pronouns.
The Dallas Landmark Commission unanimously approved rainbow-colored steps outside Oak Lawn United Methodist Church as a temporary art installation, allowing the display to remain for up to three years despite objections that they violate historic preservation codes.
As a designated historic site, Oak Lawn United Methodist Church is required to seek city approval before making major exterior changes, including paint colors, according to Dallas-area PBS/NPR affiliate KERA.
The LGBTQ-welcoming church did not submit an application to the landmark commission before repainting its exterior steps in the colors of the "Progress Pride" flag, incorporating the traditional rainbow along with black and brown stripes and the blue, pink, and white of the transgender Pride flag.
The U.S. Supreme Court on Tuesday signaled it may uphold state bans barring transgender girls and women from competing on female-designated sports teams during oral arguments in two closely watched cases.
Lower courts previously ruled in favor of the two transgender athletes, who challenged bans in Idaho and West Virginia -- two of the 27 states that have enacted laws banning people assigned male at birth from competing on female sports teams.
Proponents of restricting transgender participation argue that people who are assigned male at birth and undergo male puberty prior to transitioning retain physiological advantages that give them an unfair edge over cisgender female competitors.
In late November, the University of Oklahoma placed Mel Curth on administrative leave after the transgender graduate teaching assistant gave a student a zero on an essay about gender roles.
The essay cited the Bible to defend traditional gender roles and described transgender people as "demonic." Curth and the course's instructor, Megan Waldron, said the paper failed to meet basic academic standards due to a lack of empirical evidence. Both noted that the paper cited no scholarly sources and failed to offer an evidence-based critique of the assigned article, which argued that children who do not conform to rigid gender stereotypes are more likely to face bullying and negative mental health outcomes.
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